A reader writes in by email:

I am currently doing some research … for my dissertation and found that someone else made a distinction I needed… However, in making the distinction, [Scholar X] cited an unpublished conference paper from [Scholar Y] … Unfortunately, I found that [Y] was very much no longer with us. So, I would like to know, what is the consensus on citing deceased folks' unpublished works? Is there a concrete etiquette here? Is it better to leave it out altogether than try to attribute an unpublished distinction to a deceased person, while the only real knowledge I have about the situation comes from a footnote in someone else's work? 

I'm curious to hear what everyone thinks about this. I don't know of any clear norm on this, and I guess what one should do may depend on what one thinks the point of citations is supposed to be. I've heard some people say they only cite works that influenced them. But, for my part, I think this approach ignores the demands of scholarship: namely, an obligation to actually read and be aware of what's been written on a topic. Indeed, I've always been inclined to think that part of the point of references is to provide an accurate history of ideas, giving credit where credit is due. And, in this case, I'd personally hate to see someone deprived of credit for an idea simply because they passed on before they could publish it. But two things seem to complicate this case: (1) the work in question is unpublished, and (2) the OP has never read it, doesn't have access to it, and only has a second-hand report of what was in it. So, what should the OP do? 

What does everyone think?

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4 responses to “Norms for citing unpublished (and unavailable) work by deceased scholars?”

  1. Jamin

    I’d be inclined to cite X in the text, and then add a footnote saying what you told us here about X getting it from Y. Then acknowledge that you haven’t been able to track down Y’s paper yourself. I’d do this regardless of whether or not Y had died.

  2. archivist

    There are normal practices of citing unpublished work of dead people in the history of philosophy. You had to access this information somewhere. So I can tell you a comparable story … I have used a dead philosopher’s archives … material that includes letters, lecture notes, grant applications, etc. I cite this material routinely, and the Archive provides a standard form of citation they want you to use, identifying the collection, and the box it is it (and sometimes the folder). The key is to put enough information for your readers to be able to find the document, so they can confirm your claim.

  3. former writing center worker

    The citation style you use has probably got guidelines on indirect sources – you should follow that. MLA uses language like “cited in,” if I recall correctly. Here’s a website with information: https://library.csp.edu/apa/secondary

  4. There is a standard in-text (Harvard) reference format of this form: (Smith, 2010 as cited in Jones, 2020). And then in the reference list you have Jones, 2020 (not Smith, 2010 as you haven’t read it). This is called “citing a secondary source” or “indirect citation.” It can be used, mutatis mutandis, for footnote referencing.
    It would be quite improper to not attribute the idea to its originator, even if they’re deceased. Indeed, it might be considered a form of plagiarism.

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